Freshwater Fish Channa Punctatus Research Articles

Toxic effects of aniline in liver, gills and kidney of freshwater fish Channa punctatus after acute exposure

Aniline (C6H5NH2) is one of the hazardous aromatic amine where an amino group (−NH2) is connected to phenyl ring (C6H5). Based on the evaluation of the 96-hour LC50 of aniline, two sublethal concentrations (4.19 mg/l and 8.39 mg/l) were selected for acute exposure tests in freshwater fish Channa punctatus. The liver, gills and kidney of fish being the principal sites of xenobiotic material accumulation, respiration, biotransformation, and excretion are the focus of the present study. Throughout the exposure time, the comet assay revealed increased tail length and tail DNA percentage indicating maximum damage to liver, gills and kidney of treated group after 96 h. After acute exposure, there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the enzymatic activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), whereas decline in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity was observed. Meanwhile, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased over the exposure period for both concentrations. After 96 h of exposure, degree of tissue change (DTC) was evaluated in liver, gill and kidney of aniline exposed fish. Additionally, light microscopy revealed multiple abnormalities in liver, gills and kidney of all the treated groups. Significant changes were observed in the levels of biochemical markers viz., glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and urea following a 96-hour exposure to aniline. Studies using ATR-FTIR and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed changes in biomolecules and structural abnormalities in several tissues of the aniline-exposed groups in comparison to the control group respectively.

Piscean leafworm from freshwater fish Channa punctatus found in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state (India)

Piscean leafworm from freshwater fish Channa punctatus found in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state (India)

Impact of untreated and microbially treated equalization tank effluent of textile industry on freshwater fish Channa punctata using haematological, biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural analysis.

Channa punctata exposed for 15, 30 and 45days to untreated and microbially treated equalization tank effluent of textile industry.Untreated and microbially treated effluent exposed fish elicited alterations in blood, liver and gill tissuesHaematology, biochemical, histopathology and ultrastructural analysis resulted in massive pathologies in groups subjected to untreated effluent inducing maximum damage after 45days of exposure.Less pronounced toxicity in fish C. punctata was observed in fish exposed to microbially treated effluent indicating its efficacy in toxicity reduction.

Treatment of 2-naphthalene sulfonate by free and immobilized cells of indigenous isolate Comamonas sp. C2 and toxicity evaluation of biotransformed sample

An indigenous bacterial strain Comamonas sp. C2, capable of utilizing 2-naphthalene sulfonate (2-NS) as a sole source of carbon, was isolated after enrichment of microbial diversity present in sample collected from sewage treatment plant (STP) receiving untreated or partially treated effluent from textile industries. The isolate was able to degrade 100 mg/L of 2-NS, when grown in sulfur free minimal salt medium (SFMSM), after an incubation of 8 h. The release of sulfite/sulfate ions during biotransformation, assay of protocatechuate 4, 5-dioxygenase activity and formation of metabolic intermediates like salicylaldehyde, protocatechuate and 2-hydroxy-4-carboxy-muconatesemialdehyde in the biologically treated sample indicated to the meta-cleavage of aromatic ring of 2-NS. An immobilized-cell plug flow bioreactor (PFR) was developed and evaluated for its efficiency to treat simulated feed supplemented with 100 mg/L of 2-NS. The cells of C2 were immobilized on pieces of polyurethane foam (PUF) and refractory brick pieces (RBP). The PFR, when operated at an HRT of 36 h, achieved complete degradation of 100 mg/L of 2-NS corresponding to 89% lowering of COD. The reduction in overall toxicity of 2-NS after biological treatment was evaluated using plant (Triticum aestivum and Vigna radiata) and animal (freshwater fish Channa punctatus) models, exposed to both untreated and PFR treated samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no similar reports on exploitation of the metabolic potential of Comamonas sp. in 2-NS degradation and validation of the biological transformation by toxicity analysis.

Evaluation of haematological, genotoxic, cytotoxic and ATR-FTIR alterations in blood cells of fish Channa punctatus after acute exposure of aniline

Aniline (C6H5NH2) an important intermediate in the organic and fine chemical industry, is ubiquitously used worldwide. It is one of the important building block for manufacturing of 4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), accelerators in rubber processing, dyes, tattoo inks, photographic chemicals, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, pharmaceuticals and antiseptics. The current study evaluated 96 h LC50 of aniline and based on this, two sublethal concentrations (4.19 mg/l and 8.39 mg/l) were selected for acute exposure studies in freshwater food fish Channa punctatus. Erythrocytes of fish are nucleated hence they play an important role in physiology, immune system, protein signalling and haemostatic condition along with respiration. Blood samples were collected after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure to study haematological, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sublethal concentrations of aniline in C. punctatus. Symbolic elevation in time and dose dependent DNA damage was observed by comet assay as well as micronuclei assay revealing maximum damage after 96 h of exposure. After aniline exposure, scanning electron microscopy and ATR-FTIR studies showed anomalies in structure and alterations in biomolecules of RBCs of aniline exposed group as compared to control group respectively. Semi prep HPLC studies revealed bioaccumulation potential of aniline in higher concentration exposed group.

Assessment of textile industry effluent (untreated and microbially treated) induced genotoxic, haematological, biochemical, histopathological and ultrastructural alterations in fresh water fish Channa punctata.

The unregulated expulsion of untreated textile water into water bodies is a major hazard to aquatic ecosystems. The present investigation was contrived to estimate the impact of textile dye bath effluent (untreated and microbially treated) on fish Channa punctata. Untreated effluent-exposed fish showed extremely altered behaviour (air gulping, erratic and speedy movements, increased opercular activity) and morphology (deposition of dyes on skin and scales, high pigmentation, mucus exudation). Significantly increased micronuclei (1.61-, 1.28-, 1.38-fold) and aberrant cell frequency (1.37-, 1.45-, 1.28-fold) was observed in untreated group as compared to treated group after 15, 30, and 45 days of exposure. Tail length, % tail intensity, tail moment and olive tail moment were also enhanced in all the exposed tissues. However, maximum damage was noticed in gill tissues showing 1.19-, 1.37-, 1.34- and 1.50-fold increased TL, %TI, TM and OTM in untreated group as compared to treated group after 45 days of exposure. On comparing untreated and treated groups, increased blood parameters and significantly reduced white blood cell count (WBC) were noticed in treated group. Significantly enhanced alterations in biochemical parameters were also analysed in untreated group. Reduced alterations in enzymological levels of fishes exposed to treated effluent indicate lesser toxic nature of the degraded metabolites of dye. Histological analysis in fishes exposed to untreated effluent showed several deformities in liver (necrosis, congestion, fusion of cells and melanomacrophage infiltration) and gill tissues (necrosis, bending of lamellae and severe aneurysm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis further reaffirmed the pathologies observed in histological analysis. Fewer structural alterations were noticed in treated effluent fishes. The results concluded that untreated effluent inflicted toxicity potential on morphology as well as physiological defects in fish, and the severity increased with increasing duration of exposure, whereas reduction in toxicity in microbially treated groups can be analysed for aquacultural purposes owing to their lesser toxic nature.

Preventive Role of Methanolic Extract of Ocimum sanctum L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze and Their Combined Formulation against Sublethal Concentration of Sodium Fluoride Exposed to Channa punctatus (Bloch.)

In the recent years, Fluoride has emerged as one of the  most harmful pollutants in the world and its presence  has been shown to negatively impact the quality of  groundwater in many countries. According to World  Health Organization (WHO), when its concentration  exceeds 1.5 mg/L limit, it may cause threats to the  health. Exposure to high concentrations of fluoride has  been known to have deleterious effects on the biological  system of human as well as other animals. Based on this  background, a study has been conducted to show the  effects of sodium fluoride induced toxicity in the  freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.). The fishes  were exposed to sublethal doses of 25 ppm and 50 ppm  of sodium fluoride for a period of 3 and 7 days. The  damaging effects of sodium fluoride were manifested in  the morphological, behavioural, haematological,  biochemical and histological parameters of the fishes.  The fishes were then further exposed to 100 mg/L of  methanolic leaf extracts of tulsi, tea and a combined  formulation of the two extracts to investigate the  ameliorative properties in the revival of fluoride toxicity  in the fishes. However, the results showed that the  impact of toxicity caused by exposure to 25 ppm was  much less pronounced as compared to 50 ppm of  sodium fluoride. These effects were revealed to be  effectively reduced by the addition of the plant extracts.  Both the selected plant extracts showed positive results.  However, their combined formula revealed the highest  level of effectiveness in the remedial activity of fluoride  induced toxicity.  

Effect of Malathion (An Organophospahte) on Electrophoretic Banding Patterns of Esterase Isozymes in Gill, Liver, Brain Tissue of Fresh Water Fish Channa Punctatus (Bloch)

This investigation was conducted to compare the  electrophoretetic banding patterns of esterase isozyme  in the gill, liver, and brain tissues of the freshwater fish  Channa punctatus (Bloch) at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72  hours, and 96 hours after exposure to Malathion (an  Organophosphate) to those at the control group.  Quantitative analysis of the esterase isozymes was  performed using 7.5 native polyacrylamide gel  electrophoresis (PAGE) stained with -naphthyl acetate  as substrate. The relative mobilities of three esterase  Isozyme bands in gill, liver, and brain tissue were  determined to be 0.60.05, 0.40.05, and 0.30.05,  respectively; these bands were designated Est-1, Est-2,  and Est-3, respectively. Control samples from the gill, liver, and brain all had all three esterase bands. Both Est 2 and Est-3 Esterase Isozyme bands in gill and liver  tissue were eliminated when fish were subjected to  Malathion (an Organophosphate) for 72 and 96 hours,  respectively. Malathion induced greater damage in Est-1  and Est-3 brain tissue than in Est-2. 

EFFECT OF PYRETHROID CYPERMETRIN ON HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN FRESHWATER FISH Channa punctatus

Pesticides are modern chemicals, which are used to kill the harmful insect, weed etc. of the crops, when they are applied on crop they also leached into soil and reach to water bodies. In water bodies they affect the aquatic life including fishes. The edible fishes are consumed by human and other livings. So they reached to next trophic level by biotransformation and causing adverse effects to living. Fishes are best bioindicator for these pesticides. Keeping these points in view, present study is designed to observe the effect of pyrethroid cypermethrin on hematological parameters viz. hemoglobin concentration, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count in freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Keywords : Pyrethroid, Cypermethrin, Freshwater fish, Channa punctatus, Hematology.

Zinc induced Oxidative stress and hepatoarchietectural changes in fresh water fish Channa punctatus

Zinc induced Oxidative stress and hepatoarchietectural changes in fresh water fish Channa punctatus

Assessment of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and histopathological alterations in freshwater food fish Channa punctatus exposed to fungicide, Mancozeb

Assessment of oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and histopathological alterations in freshwater food fish Channa punctatus exposed to fungicide, Mancozeb

Genotoxicological Studies in Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus Exposed to Clomazone and Chlorpyrifos

Genotoxicological Studies in Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus Exposed to Clomazone and Chlorpyrifos

Molluscicidal Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants on Fresh Water Snails and Fish

Aim: To investigate the molluscicidal activity of aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus niruri  and Euphorbia tirucalli  on fresh water snails Lymnaea (Radix)  acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus (as target organisms) and on  Channa punctatus fish ( as non target organism),sharing the same habitat.
 Methodology: The aqueous extracts of the stem bark and leaves of  Phyllanthus niruri ( a tropical small herb, commonly known as a Bhumi Amla), belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae and the aqueous extracts of stem bark and latex of Euphorbia tirucalli (a semi-arid tropical plant, commonly called milk bush) of the family Euphorbiaceae, were investigated as plant origin molluscicides, against freshwater snails, responsible for causing fascioliasis, Lymnaea (Radix) acuminate and Indoplanorbis exustus, as well as on Channa punctatus ,using Singh and Agarwal method and POLO computer program.
 Results: A significant time and dose-dependent effect of aqueous extracts of both the plants against the freshwater snails were observed. Thus increase in exposure time, the LC50 of Phyllanthus niruri stem and leaf extracts were decreased from 267.89 mg DW/L (24h) > to 180.64mg DW/L (96h) against Lymnaea acuminata and 261.49 mg DW/L (24h)> to 136.40 mg DW/L (96h) against Indoplanorbis exustus. Likewise, the LC50 of aqueous extract of latex of Euphorbia tirucalli were decreased from 1.80 mg DW/L (24h) >to 0.65 mg DW/L (96h) against Lymnaea acuminata and 0.90 mg DW/L (24h)> to 0.28 mg DW/L (96h) against Indoplanorbis exustus, with the increase in exposure time. Its aqueous stem bark extract showed a similar pattern.  These aqueous plant extracts at higher doses were also observed to be lethal to freshwater fish Channa punctatus, which share a common habitat with the freshwater snails, but the doses LC90, (24h) of snails didn’t cause any mortality to these fishes, thus indicating that these plant extracts can be safely used as molluscicides.

EVALUATION OF ACHE ACTIVITY AND LIPID PEROXIDATION IN FRESHWATER TELEOST UPON EXPOSURE TO HERBICIDE

In this study, the freshwater fish Channa punctatus was used to study the harmful effects of clomazone on AChE and LPO at three different doses and for four different exposure times. To determine the sublethal concentrations of clomazone, the LC50 of the herbicide was calculated. Based on the calculated LC50 value, three different concentrations were determined: high dose- 0.5 ppm, mild dose- 0.25 ppm, and low dose- 0.08 ppm. The fish were treated with these concentrations and the exposure period was 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively. The acetylcholinesterase activity and concentration of MDA were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and increased (p<0.05), respectively, upon higher concentration and also with the increase in exposure periods. The highest reduction of AChE was recorded in the liver, followed by the kidney and gill in all three concentrations. On the other hand, the MDA concentration was recorded highest in the kidney, followed by the liver and gills. Though, in the liver, the concentration of MDA is almost the same when exposed to concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 ppm clomazone. Thus, our findings imply that AChE activity and lipid peroxidation may be potential indicators of environmental pollutants in aquatic systems.

An endophytic Schizophyllum commune possessing antioxidant activity exhibits genoprotective and organprotective effects in fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to bisphenol A

BackgroundOxidative stress is responsible for the onset of several chronic and degenerative diseases. Exogenous supply of antioxidants is reported to neutralize the effects of oxidative stress. Several synthetic antioxidants suffer from various side effects which necessitates the exploration of antioxidant compounds from natural sources. Endophytic fungi residing in the plants are gaining the attention of researchers as a source of novel antioxidants. Majority of the research conducted so far on endophytic fungi has been restricted to the members of phylum ascomycota. Basidiomycota, inspite of their immense bioactive potential remain relatively unexploited. This study aimed to assess the ameliorative effects of an endophytic Schizophyllum commune (basidiomycetous fungus) against oxidative stress associated altered antioxidant levels, genotoxicity and cellular damage to different organs in bisphenol A exposed fresh water fish Channa punctatus.ResultsGood antioxidant and genoprotective potential was exhibited by S. commune extract in in vitro studies conducted using different antioxidant, DNA damage protection, and cytokinesis blocked micronuclei assays. In vivo studies were performed in fresh water fish Channa punctatus exposed to bisphenol A. A significant decrease in the considered parameters for DNA damage (% micronuclei and comet assay) were recorded in fish treated with S. commune extract on comparison with untreated bisphenol A exposed group. The S. commune extract treated fish also exhibited an increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase as well as histoprotective effect on various organs. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 3-n-propyl-2,4-pentanedione, n-heptadecanol-1, trans-geranylgeraniol, 3-ethyl-2-pentadecanone, 1-heneicosanol and squalene as some of the compounds in S. commune extract.ConclusionThe study highlights the significance of an endophytic basidiomycetous fungus S. commune as a source of antioxidant compounds with possible therapeutic potential.

Histological alterations in the gills of freshwater fish Channa punctatus due to dimethoate contamination from river Shivna, Maharastra, India

Histological alterations in the gills of freshwater fish Channa punctatus due to dimethoate contamination from river Shivna, Maharastra, India

Impact of Starvation, Refeeding of Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus Via Comparatively Protein Level Investigation on Target Tissues

Using Lowry's approach, the current study investigated how starvation and refeeding affected the amount of protein in various tissues of the freshwater fish Channa panctatus (1951). The fish were categorised into two groups, the first group had normal feedings, while the second was denied food for periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days respectively. Notably, the previously starved fish were fed again. Fish show a significant rise in protein levels relative to normal following feeding because prolonged starvation causes a steady drop in tissue protein levels.

EFFECT OF LETHAL CONCENTRATION OF CADMIUM NITRATE ON GLYCOGEN CONTENT IN LIVER,GILL, KIDNEY, INTESTINE AND STOMACH OF FRESHWATER FISH, CHANNA PUNCTATUS

This study was carried out on fish channa punctatus to investigate the lethal concentration of cadmium nitrate in liver, gill, kidney, intestine and stomach of fresh water fish channa punctatus compare to control one. Lc50 for cadmium nitrate is 0.57 ppm. Fish exposed to 96hr. LC50 of cadmium nitrate. Cadmium increases the rate of glycolysis.

Degeneration in Renal Cells of Freshwater Fish (Channa punctata) under Exposure of Nigrosine Black (Acid Black-2), a Tanning Industry Dye

Nigrosine Black (Acid Black-2) is popularly used in tanning industries and a huge amount of this dye comes out with effluent of tanning industries, this dye reached near water bodies, and what impact produced on their aquatic life not reveal yet, Hence a study was plan to find out the impact of Nigrosine black dye on the renal cell of freshwater fish Channa punctata. Sub-acute and chronic exposure to Nigrocine Black produced significant renal cellular degeneration in fish C. punctata. The 1/20th LC50 (96h) of the Nigrocine Black produced degenerating changes in the kidney tissues of fish. Renal corpuscles were revealing swollen and contained some degenerated RBC and thmbrocytes, which appeared to be cellular debris in Bowman space, due to the rapid destruction of the nuclei of erythrocytes. The liberated hemoglobin and other cytoplasmic materials were also observed, while 1/20th  of LC50 (96hr) of Nigrosine Black produced renal degeneration in Bowman’s capsule and swelling in the glomerulus in the intoxicated fish along with renal tubules atrophy, degeneration  as compared to the control group of fish. The low dose of Nigrosine Black Toxicity in fish produced nephropathy, and nephrosis. While the high dose of Nigrosine black dye produces Glomerulonephritis in experimental fish. The kidney cells of experimental fish are damaged by both doses of Nigrosine Black. The physico-chemical property of aquarium water was kept constant during whole duration of experiment.

Evaluation of haematological and behavioural changes in Channa punctatus (Bloch) on short-term exposure to a commercial-grade synthetic pyrethroid pesticide

This study aims to assess the acute toxicity of commercial-grade Cypermethrin (10% EC) and evaluate the hematological and behavioral alterations in a freshwater fish Channa punctatus upon short-term exposure to Cypermethrin. A four-day static acute toxicity test was performed to estimate the median lethal concentration (LC50) value of Cypermethrin. During the acute toxicity test, the behavior of the control and cypermethrin exposed fish was critically observed and recorded. After completing the acute toxicity test, the hematological effects of Cypermethrin in C. punctatus were evaluated using two sublethal dosages (0.08 mg/L and 0.12 mg/L). Results of the study revealed that this pesticide induced significant mortality in C. punctatus with a 96-h L50 value of 0.263 mg/L. Cypermethrin exposed fish showed hyperactivity, irritability, erratic swimming, frequent surface visit, etc. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of Cypermethrin for a short period resulted in a significant decline (P<0.05) in total erythrocytes count (TEC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration as compared to control groups. In contrast, pesticide-exposed groups had a significant increase (P<0.05) in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and total leucocyte count (TLC). It is apparent from the results of the study that this commercial formulation is toxic to the studied fish. This study also revealed hematological and behavioral alterations in C. Punctatus which could be used as biomarkers for incipient Cypermethrin intoxication.